A 3 means that you are doing your job as required. This is not a negative sentiment from your supervisor. However, you've pointed out to us that you are an overachiever and so have always received above-average ratings in everything, so it's natural when you have this type of personality to be taken aback by a 3.
In a workplace review that is ranked 0-5, being ranked a 0-1 means that you are not doing what is asked of you, a 2 means that you may need some coaching, a 3 means that you are doing what has been asked at the level of success required for doing your job, a 4 means that you are growing and starting to excel outside of your role, and a 5 means that you are excelling well above and beyond your position.
If your job is to, for example, be a financial assistance who catalogs invoices and conducts data entry, doing this work every day and not making mistakes is the bare minimum for success. If you are doing this, you will receive 3s on your evaluation. If you have been rather efficient and your boss has started to offer you some small additional tasks to test your growth, you may receive a couple of 4s and the rest 3s. If you found a major accounting error from a vendor while doing data entry and saved the company a million bucks, you're probably going to get a 5.
Now, that does not include those areas in your review where no one gets a 5. Did you adhere to company policies? If yes, you get a 3. You can't overachieve the requirement to follow company policies.
If you disagree with your supervisor's assessment that you've achieved a 3 somewhere when you think you deserve a 5, you'll need to come to that discussion aimed with multiple firm examples of how you have excelled above and beyond your role requirements. The key is multiple. Unless you saved or earned the company a million bucks, most achievements are too small on their own to merit an increase in evaluation.
Here's a good example from someone I managed in the far past.
Gia was a social media coordinator. Her job was to post regularly to the client's social media accounts, and increase the yoy growth by 11% in her first year. She was also supposed to post one video per week.
Nathan was also a social media coordinator with a different client. Same exact job KPIs.
Gia did exactly her job almost to a T, achieving one video per week and 12% YOY while posting 7 posts to each social account each day of the week. She received a Satisfactory 3 rating on her review. She was pretty upset when she heard (because everyone talks) that Nathan received a Superior 5 rating on his review because they have the same job and she did her job. The thing is, Nathan had increased his client's YOY by 27%, had posted 15-20 social posts per channel each week, and had been creating and posting at least 5 videos per week. He probably would have received a 4, but on top of this he had also volunteered to take on mentoring young incoming staff, and since he started providing these lessons, 5 social media assistants had experienced tremendous growth in their roles.
A huge thing I need to say to you is that: You're never required to go above and beyond your role. That is a choice you can make, but it will result in 3s. That's again, not a stab and not a criticism from your manager. It is your manager saying, "you have done the job you were hired for and done it to the expectation we provided."
As a servant leader, I take the time to write down a lot of things I notice my team doing that are above and beyond their role duties and expectations. By doing this for someone who is very shy about talking bout their achievements, I took them from a low-level contributor to a managerial role that they both wanted and deserved in less than two years.
But I also encourage my team to do that for themselves because I'm not perfect and I won't remember everything. I encourage you to do this for yourself. If you have contributed well above and beyond your role and deserve the 5, then write down your accomplishments and talk to your supervisor. If you haven't earned the 5, but you want to, talk to your supervisor about what it takes to get there and then make a plan.
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