How, specifically, would they know who your previous manager is?
References should never be listed on a resume. References should not be provided until a company indicates they want to make you an offer. Until then, your references are none of their business.
References, if they're requested, are provided by you. If you're not giving out your previous manager as a reference - which I'll assume you aren't if you're concerned they would say not nice things about you - I don't see how a prospective employer would know who your previous manager is.
Many companies these days don't even do reference checks - they do employment verification and education verification. They're looking for dates employed and title.
When you fill out the background check form, you indicate if you authorize them to verify that particular employment. For the most part, it's done electronically - many companies now store their employment records with a third party company, so the background check company isn't even contacting your former employer.
And then we have back door reference checking. Which I well and truly hate. This usually happens between people who know each other.
The prospective employer sees you work or worked at XYZ company and their friend works at XYZ company and they pick up the phone and call their friend and ask about you. Most companies have policies that the friend should not answer those questions, but not everyone follows company policy. You know how that goes - prove it's not just a conversation between friends.
The chances that some random manager at a company you're interviewing with would pick up the phone and call your former employer and just randomly ask to speak with someone - that would actually speak with them - is pretty low. Most companies understand that because of legal liability, their employees should not be talking to random people who call and have a policy against employees do that.
Indeed, if someone called me, I'd assume it was some sort of sting operation to see if anyone would be so stupid as to blurt out info about a former employee without their authorization. It's a huge legal liability. Could it happen, I suppose there's a small chance, but I would think in this day and age, instances of this would be few and far between.
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